Comparison of metrezoate-labeled gallium transmission with different 50, 60 and 75% concentrations in malignant lymphatic cells

Radiation therapy is considered as one of the main methods in cancer treatment. In this method, determination of exact location and geometric properties of tumor is necessary for treatment planning that leads to increased accuracy and output of treatment and reduction of healthy tissue dose. For this purpose, the aim of the present study has been physiological transmission of Gallium as a pharmaceutical carrier which is bonded with an X-Ray opaque media for treatment of Lymphatic tumor via Smart Radiotherapy method (Photoelectron therapy). Using radiography or CT scan has provided determination of geometric features of tumor

Role of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in staging of bladder cancer

Introduction: Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE)-Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a useful technique in which rapid enhancement of tumour by uptake of the contrast agent compared to bladder wall. Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of dynamic gadolinium-en­hanced MRI in staging of bladder cancer through differentiating superficial tumours from invasive tumours and organ-confined tumours from non-organ-confined tumours. In addition, the benefits of DCE-MRI in diagnosis of tumour progression steps were investigated. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study in which 45 patients (95.55% men and 4.45% women) were enrolled. Patients with confirmed transitional cell carcinoma by histopathology findings were imaged using 1.5 Tesla MRI systems. Pathology results were considered as the standard reference. Tumour stage was determined by imaging findings and compared with pathologic findings after radical cystectomy. Data were analysed by SPSS version 16 and the level of significance in all tests was considered p<0.001. Results: The most common stage that was seen in pathology and MRI findings was T3b. Kappa agreement coefficient between MRI and pathology was 0.7 (p<0.001). The accuracy of MRI in differentiating superficial tumours (≤T1) from invasive tumours (≥ T2a), and organ-confined tumours (≤T2b) from non-organ-confined tumours (≥T3b) was 0.97 and 0.84, respectively. The overall accuracy of MRI was 0.77 (p<0.001). Totally, 10 cases of disagreement between MRI and pathological staging were found, eight (80%) of which were overestimated and two cases (20%) underestimated. MRI detection rate was 0% in stage Ta, 100% in stage T1, 66.7% in stage T2, 86.7% in stage T3, and 100% in stage T4. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in differentiating superficial tumours from invasive tumours were 0.97 and 1, respectively, and in differentiating organ-confined tumours from non-organ-confined tumours were 0.94 and 0.77, respectively. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between the signal enhancement slope of time-intensity curves and tumour stages was 0.88 (p<0.001). Conclusion: Gadolinium-enhanced MRI is an appropriate and useful modality with a high accuracy in determining the stage of the bladder cancer. In addition, this method shows extension and progression of tumour and tumour invasion depth. © 2016, Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. All rights reserved

Multi Region Neurodegenerative Changes in Methamphetamine Dependence Reveal by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Psychological Aspects

Background: Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is widely abused in the world. Several lines of evidence suggest that chronic METH abuse leads to neurodegenerative changes in the human brain. These include damage to dopamine and serotonin axons, loss of gray matter accompanied by hypertrophy of the white matter, and microgliosis in different brain areas. Methods: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), Creatine (Cre), Choline (Cho), Myo-inositol (Ml), were obtained in the dopamine circuit (Ventral Tegmental Area, Nucleus Accumbens, Substantia nigra, Striatum, Frontal Cortex, Hippocampus) of the brain in participants in 30 abstinent methamphetamine-addicted people with psychosis (METHp+), and 10 healthy controls (HCs) (age ranges of 18 to 50 years old). Psychotic symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and analyzed using a five-factor model. All participants were also assessed for physical and mental illnesses as well as recent substance use. Results: The METHp+ group displayed robust alteration in basic metabolite concentration levels (NAA, cho, Cr, mI, and GLX) relative to HCs. This suggests that cellular metabolism is altered in both conditions but in METHp+ group is seeing more dramatic changes. Significant decrease in the concentration of NAA metabolites (mean of 18.56) in the methamphetamine group with high psychological symptoms (mean of 111.9) in the studied areas compared to the control group which is a neurotransmitter and biomarker, indicates chronic neurological degeneration in the test areas and its relationship with the incidence of mental disorders in these individuals (Pvalue&lt;0.01). Conclusions: These data support the assumption that cellular abnormalities differ between methamphetamine addiction psychosis and healthy controls people despite not different in normal imaging acquisition. Keywords: Methamphetamine, Abstinence, Neurodegeneration, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Dopamine circuit

Evaluating the Origin of the Brain Metastatic Tumors by Using DWI Parameters

Background: Brain metastases are the most common tumors in the human central nervous system (CNS), with an occurrence 10 times higher than primary brain tumors in adults. A radiologist usually diagnoses these tumors. Typically, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to evaluate the status and number of metastases, the design of surgical treatment or radiotherapy, and the response to treatment. This study aimed to consider the origin of metastatic tumors of the brain using diffusion-weighted imaging sequence.Methods: In this study, 95 lesions observed in 51 patients with different types of brain metastasis who analyzed with standard brain MRI protocols such as T2-weighted fast spin-echo in sagittal, coronal and axial planes and T1-weighted spin-echo sequences before and after injection of contrast enhancement and diffusion-weighted imaging. The diffusion-weighted imaging included an echo-planar spin-echo sequence with two b values (0,1000 s/mm) and calculated apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps. We measured the ADC-value on normalized ADC maps and compared them with different methods. ANOVA was used to compare ADC among all groups as well as T-test for every two groups.Results: The results showed that patients with lung cancer (squamous cell carcinoma, SCC) had the lowest mean ADC (658.70*10-3 mm2/s) and breast cancer patients with the highest mean ADC(935.52*10-3 mm2/s). This study demonstrated that most Brain metastases had low and intermediate ADC values. The analysis showed no significant difference among all groups. However, ADC values in breast cancer and kidney and lung (adenocarcinoma) were statistically higher in comparison to other groups. There were no critical discrepancies between ADC values in brain metastases from Breast cancer and lung cancer (adenocarcinoma) and kidney.Conclusion: It seems that evaluating the origin of the brain metastatic tumors by using diffusion imaging (DWI) parameters could be helpful to prevent invasive methods like biopsies in some situations. Although it needs more studies to achieve this purpose

Grading of Glioma Tumors by Analysis of Minimum Apparent Diffusion Coefficient and Maximum Relative Cerebral Blood Volume

Gliomas are the most common primary neoplasms of the central nervous system. Relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) could estimate high-grade Gliomas computed with dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging which it is artificially lowered by contrast extravasation through a disrupted blood-brain barrier. Objectives: Our intent was to clarify the usefulness of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) and perfusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (PWI) in the grading of Gliomas. Materials and Methods: Both PWI and DWI with a three-tesla scanner investigated nineteen consecutive patients with Gliomas. The means of rCBV and ADC values have been compared among the tumor groups with t-test and ROC curve analysis to determine threshold values of Gliomas grading. Results: Mean maximum rCBV were 2.71±1.41 for low grades (I & II), and 8.14±2.58 for high grades (III & IV) Gliomas (p=0.001). Mean minimum ADC were 1.47±.46 ×103 mm2 /s for low grades (I & II), and .47±.38×103 mm2 /s for high grades (III & IV) Gliomas (p=0.001). We can get 0.94×103 mm2 /s for minimum ADC and 3.85 for maximum rCBV as a difference cutoff point between low and high-grade Gliomas. Conclusion: Combination of both DWI and PWI techniques, with measurement of minimum ADC and maximum rCBV can be used to distinguish between high grade and low-grade Glioma tumors

Diffusion tensor tractograghy can affect treatment strategy to remove brain occupying mass lesions

Radical resection of a pathological lesion along with the preservation of eloquent cerebral tissue is the principle goal of neurosurgery. Brain lesions are usually diagnosed by conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but this method is unable to describe the relationship between lesions and neighboring specific white matter (WM) tracts. Diffusion tensor tractograghy (DTT) is a new sophisticated imaging modality to reveal the neural fibers and their relationships with lesions. In the current study we assess that how diffusion tensor tractograghy can affect on treatment planning in patients afflicted by different types of brain lesions. In this prospective observational study, eight patients with brain mass lesion underwent conventional brain MRI pulse sequences and DTT imaging with 1.5 Tesla system using 64 independent diffusion encoding directions between December 2011 to January 2013.Acquired images were assessed by the neuroradiologist and neurosurgeon. Finally, the treatment strategies were compared using data before and after the tractograghy. The treatment strategy in six patients changed from radiotherapy into the craniotomy by using tractograghy data, in one patient changed from radio surgery to craniotomy and in one patient, neurosurgeon preferred to avoid operation. As we can infer from this study, based on the tractograghy results, the treatment technique may be changed, and the treatment plan could be devised with more accuracy and in case of surgery, may lead to less post-operative neurological deficits and better outcome results

Methoxyamine Enhances 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Radiosensitization in Colon Cancer Cell Line HT29

Objective This study intended to observe the effects of methoxyamine (Mx) on cytotoxic effects and DNA damage caused by 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) in combination with gamma radiation in a human colon cancer cell line, HT29. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, HT29 cells were cultured as a monolayer and treated with different concentrations of 5-FU along with 1 mM Mx for 24 hours. Next, the cells were irradiated with 2 Gy gamma radiation. After the treatments, we assessed for DNA damage, cytotoxicity, and viability by alkaline comet, clonogenic survival, and trypan blue dye exclusion assays. Results Cytotoxicity and DNA damage increased with increasing 5-FU concentration. The 1 mM Mx concentration had no significant effect on cytotoxicity and DNA damage from 5-FU; however, it increased the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of different concentrations of 5-FU when used in combination with 2 Gy gamma radiation. Conclusion Mx combined with 5-FU enhanced the radiosensitivity of colon cancer cells

Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of double inversion recovery sequence compared with FLAIR and T2W_TSE in detection of cerebral multiple sclerosis lesions

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. MRI has an important role in early diagnosis of MS within diagnostic criteria. Aim: To determine the diagnostic value of the double inversion recovery (DIR) sequence in detection of brain MS lesions. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 55 patients were admitted to the MRI department in Vali-E-Asr Hospital in Qaemshahr, Iran, from May 2016 to February 2016. Imaging was performed on a 1.5T Philips MR system using DIR, fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), and T2-weighted turbo spin echo (T2W_TSE) sequences with the same parameters, including field of view (FOV), matrix, slice thickness, voxel size, and number of signal averaging (NSA). The DIR sequence has two different time inversions (TI1=3400, TI2=325ms): suppressing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and white matter signal. Data analysis was performed using the SPSS version 20, and p-value was gained from the patient-wise analysis by Wilcoxon analysis and paired samples t-test for matched pairs. Results: More lesions in number and size were depicted on the DIR sequence compared with FLAIR (p=0.000 with a relative ratio of 6) and T2W_TSE (p=0.000 with a relative ratio of 10). DIR demonstrated significantly more intracortical lesions compared with FLAIR (p=0.000 with a relative ratio of 2.53) and T2W_TSE (p=0.000 and relative ratio of 8.87). There was significantly higher contrast ratio between the white matter lesions and the normal appearing white matter (NAWM) in all anatomical regions especially in deep white matter (p=0.001). Conclusion: An increasing total number of MS lesions can be detected by DIR sequence; thus, we recommend adding DIR sequence in routine MR protocols for MS patients